My Perspective on the Future of Education Essay -- essays papers

My Perspective on the Future of Education The future in education is very interesting as well as vital to me since I plan to be a teacher in the future. Many changes will be made before I enter the field of teaching. Most all of these changes will be positive and will help me to become a better teacher. The future of education will be changed completely with the help of new technology. Already education has changed thanks to technology. We now see computers in every class. In the future most classes will be totally taught through computers. New programs and software will be available that are interactive with the students as well as informative. Having classes through the internet will open up a large diversity of classes to choose since the whole world will have their classes available online. So students will be exposed to new areas of learning they may have once not had a chance to experience. However since the Web will be teaching the students what will the teachers do? Actually teachers will actually have the time to play the role they always pictured themselves...

Electrical and electrochemical activities of heart Essay

Heart is the chief organ of body it can be defined as â€Å"The hollow muscular organ its rhythmic retrenchment flows blood all the way throughout the body†. (Heart electrical) Natural pace maker is established in human heart, this pace maker start working from right atria and ventricle it stimulates their muscles. Sinoarterial node SAN is found in between upper portion of the heart, after stimulating right portion of heart it stimulates the left atria and ventricle afterward adrenaline is secreted from nervous system which speed up the spark electrical impulses or in supplementary words regulates the electrical impulses. Normal heart beats are 72 per minute but in case of running, exercising, taking stress high fever heart beats are increased because Nervous system release more adrenaline. Another motivating topic of our article covers is electrocardiogram that is the measurement of heart beats by special electrode on paper or screen. So at this point in this article we will study in detail regulatory activities of heart which factors are involves in regulation of heart beats and keeps heart normal and vigorous, how these factors are generated and how did they achieve their work this is all we are going to study in element to enhance our understandings about facts of science. Electrical and electrochemical activities of heart In human heart natural pace maker is found, the function which naturally has been given to pace maker is to regulate the heart for performing this responsibility it has to go from very different phases. Pace maker is found in the superior right portion of heart that is Right atrium this is the place from where the pace maker gathers the specialized cells termed as â€Å"Sino arterial node â€Å"so these cells are also termed as pace maker. As the heart beats it generates the electrical sparks per minute, the spark which has been generated by specialized cell, the function of these sparks is to stimulate the muscles. First it stimulates the superior chamber of heart it has to wait unless the atria get empty from blood. After stimulating the upper atria it stimulates the ventricles electrically, similarly it affects the left atria and ventricle in this sequence. If we go in depth we will come to know that everything function of body is being controlled by the nervous system, here nervous system is releasing the adrenaline the adrenaline is computable to increase or speed up the sparks per minute, the normal heart beats are 72 per minute but incase of fever, excitement, stress or any mental or physical stress can speedup the rate of heart beats in result breathless condition occur while on the other during resting situation it is decreased . Let us talk about the phases or ladder which takes place in the electrical activity of heart ,As we have talked before it is generated in the sinoatrial node (SAN) which is located in superior Right chamber of heart this is the location from where these electrical impulses propagated to the artrioventricular node ( AVN ) artrioventricular node is seen between the atria and ventricles. After reaching at (AVN) these electrical impulse are send to the into branching tissues right bundle branch is termed as (RBBB) and left bundle branch is termed is as the (LBBB) there are further more division to there Left bundle branches which are known as fascicles first of all electrical impulses are generated in SAN which primary makes the right and left atria to treaty and after couple of seconds it makes right and left ventricle to contract this depolarization takes place continuously in every 2-3 seconds, when SAN is at rest it makes 60-70 signals a minute rate can be speedup by SAN due to exercise or and physical activity which can produce stressed up condition. When SAN fails to work AVN can takes its position but AVN is slow as compare to SAN the reason is that SAN at resting position produces 60-7- signals while AVN at resting position produces 30-40 signals which are very less as compare to SAN’S signals. ( How heart works) this sequence of electrical activities of heart can be noted by electrocardiogram this is the process by which activities can be registered on paper by special electrode use for this process (Heart Electrical Activity). In human body there are many chemicals found every chemical has its own duty assign by nature in regulation of heart there are also few chemicals involved which stimulates the function of heart . Neuroendocrine system helps heart to maintain its regulation this system is linked with the brain and endocrine system this is the system in which neurons and endocrine system work together electrical impulses are given by SAN whereas the endocrine system gives the chemical impulses , Neuroendocrine system is the complex system which work together this is very complicated system , it uses the nerve symbol to and changes the activity of cells as well the diameter of blood vessels it can also effect the heart rate and the rate of contraction. ( Heart Failure) Electrochemical activities of heart stimulate the heart beats heart regulation, they play very important role in life, in the body as everything depends upon the function of hearts because when heart gets electrical stimulation it transport/ pumps the blood to the system another factor which helps in pumping the blood is heart beats which is also generated by stimulation of muscles. standard heart beats are 72 per minute which are created by stimulation of heart muscles but if they are less than harmfl affects are possible to the body the less then normal heart beats could be 35 – 40 heart beats per minute then blood stream to body’s organ reduces which is dangerous (How heart works) It is a firm believe that reduction in I reduces AP polarization which in result reduces the electrochemical diving force similarly amount of SR Ca is also reduces which is necessary for the contraction of hearts muscles if we go in depth we will come to know that Na, I, K also reduces due to some abnormality and it is like a chain system if one thing is affected the entire system will be affected but here we are sescribing only the loss cause by reduction in Ca as Ca is reduced it reduces heart beats and blood transport is reduced if thing is not cover soon it can cause breathless condition as blood carries oxygen and reduction in heart beats reduces blood transport so this is one bad trait for body. Similarly reduction in I causes reduction in polarization this system is interlinked with one an other. It has also been believed that potassium K changes into HF and HF reduces Ca, it has been observed that many late HF patients who doesn’t notice their ailment before gets death because of heart abnormality, DADs, EADs and Refs decreased the amount of Ca in myocytes this reduced amount of Ca in myocytes causes systolic disjunction in Hf. Systolic means when heart contracts it is termed a systolic and when it rest it is termed diastolic so here Reduction of Ca in myocytes reduced the heart contraction it is an another thing if Ca continue leaking it may cause to death. Electrical and electrochemical regulation of heart Conclusion After reading this attention-grabbing topic we can come up with the conclusion that heart is one of the biggest gifts of God given to humans. As nature has assign functions to every part of the body similarly nature has given special function to heart which makes heart extremely important organ it transmit blood to complete body parts. There are few electrical and electrochemical behavior found in heart which helps heart in performing its main function that is creating heart beats carrying impulses. In right atrium of heart sinoatrial node (SAN) is found which also works as pace maker these sinoatrial nodes are special cells found in right atrium they generate the electrical impulses which stimulates the right atrium cell and wait unless it get emptied after now these electrical impulses moves to the atrioventricular node (AVN) now these electrical impulses are send into branching tissues right bundle branch is called (RBBB) and left bundle branch is termed as (LBBB) first it functions in right atrium and ventricle and then in few seconds after performing its task in right part of heart it moves to the left part of the heart and functions in left atrium and then left ventricle this is how electrical impulses carry in heart and makes it empty and refill in couple of seconds. Adrenaline also plays very important role in this process here nervous system plays an important role it secreted adrenaline to it is chemical by nature and it is responsible for speeding up the sparks ( electrical impulses) per minute so in this way heart continue to work by electrically and electrochemically. The methods which has been found by the scientist to record these impulses is ECG electrocardiogram this is recent and helpful technique to check whether the heart is working normally or not in this method heart rhythms are noted on paper or screen by specially assigned electrode. Now a days artificial pace maker is also being made to control abnormalities of heart. Here in this important topic we also read about that what the lack of any element present of excess of any element or chemical can do with our heart. Nature has given quantity to everything increasing from that or decreasing from that spoils the entire system here we also read about the reduction in Ca, Ca is basic need of heart to continue it heart beats here we come to know that reduction in Ca is mainly caused by reduction in things which are supporting it in background, Ca reduction causes great loss to heart that is it decreases contraction rate of heart when the heart start contracting less than it is required entire system of body is effected because heart carries blood to all part of the body if heart starts working slow then blood also starts reduces and in this way all system are being effected that’s what makes one lazy and the major loss cause by this is the heart failure if it is continuously reducing than a time will come when heart will stop working and one meets his death. After reading this prolong article we come up with the conclusion that heart is not only one organ which is supporting all the functions infect heart is being supported by many internal plus many external features such these all things work together in a chain like system if one thing is effected the entire system got effected this chain which consist of Electrical impulses electrochemical impulses , heart , factors affecting heart , environment and many more things are involved this chain system is necessary for healthy life we should take care of our health for out better tomorrow.

Shoeless Joe A Fictional Story Of A Man Known - 2120 Words

Shoeless Joe is a fictional story of a man known by the name of Ray Kinsella. Ray Kinsella lives and farms in Iowa where he grows corn with his wife Annie and their daughter Karin. Kinsella is obsessed with baseball, specifically Shoeless Joe Jackson, and the Black Sox Scandal of the 1919 World Series. When he hears a voice telling him, â€Å"If you build it, he will come†, he blindly follows the instructions. The voice tells him to build a baseball field in the midst of his corn crop in order to give his hero a chance at redemption. The field becomes a place for the spirits of baseball legends to come and play. Ray later gets to meet his father, Johnny, who had died 20 years ago at the time. He meets his father on the field, and plays catch†¦show more content†¦Eight so-called â€Å"Black Sox†Ã¢â‚¬â€including the great â€Å"Shoeless† Joe Jackson—were later put on trial for conspiracy and banned from baseball for life.† (Andrews) â€Å"The plan to throw the game is thought to have materialized a few weeks before the 1919 World Series. White Sox first baseman C. Arnold â€Å"Chick† Gandil is thought to be the main player who organized the throwing of the championships. He worked with a gambler by the name of Joseph â€Å"Sport† Sullivan.† (Andrews) â€Å"Gandil later claimed he was initially skeptical that it could work, but he eventually agreed that he and a few co-conspirators would throw the series in exchange for a hefty payout of around $100,000.† (Andrews) â€Å"Gandil was soon able to recruit pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Claude â€Å"Lefty† Williams, shortstop Charles â€Å"Swede† Risberg, and outfielder Oscar â€Å"Happy† Felsch. Third baseman George Buck Weaver was one of those who attended a meeting where a fix was discussed. However, he decided not to take part and played to the best of his ability during the series, batting .324 with 11 hits in 34 at- bats, which was higher than some of his batting averages in previous years. Weaver s career batting average was .272.† (Buck) â€Å"A meeting of White Sox players was held on September 21, in Chick Gandil’s room at the

The Effects Of Factory Farming On Livestock, Human Beings...

Citing â€Å"dominion† over animals as a rationale for cruel, and even sadistic, practices has a perverse quality to it. Respect for life extends beyond human beings. It is a respect for the miracle of life, in all of its forms. While I don t think it s ethically wrong to raise animals for food, it is disturbing to see the conditions under which many animals are raised and slaughtered. Humane treatment for all animals is something we should strive for. We need regulations to prohibit harmful farming practices that will be anathema to conservatives from farm states. Despite all the dazzling technological advances and other areas of progress we will never be truly refined or civilized unless we learn to treat animals with compassion and appreciate their space in the larger order of things. This research paper seeks to evaluate the effect of factory farming with respect to its implications on livestock, human beings and the environment. Sub†divisions to each main point will be evaluated. If one was to walk into any fast-food restaurant they would most likely be able to find a â€Å"value† meal for a price that is almost too good to be true. For the low income/budget conscious family struggling to make ends meet, a cheap meal may seem tough to pass up. Animal factory farming advocates have often addressed America’s inexpensive fast-food prices as proof that the new industrial farming system is working and readily able to supply food to the masses. Many people fail to realize that theShow MoreRelatedFactory Farming Should Be Banned1576 Words   |  7 Pagesactivist. Factory farming should be banned or demolished thoroughly due to more harm than good that is being presented worldwide. Animal brutality, which can be found constantly and excessively throughout factory farms, is a deleterious act involving the animals and a diabolic act regarding human morals. The antic actions that proceed have an effect on both humans and the environment, as well as the un ethical, inhumane treatment and the atrocious sufferings of animals. Besides factory farms offeringRead MoreThe Bbc Describes Intensive Farming To Include â€Å"Practices1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe BBC describes intensive farming to include â€Å"practices including growing high-yield crops, using fertilisers and pesticides, and keeping animals indoors. Food production is increased but there are unwelcomed side effects.† (BBC 2011) Intensive farming also includes the modern-day fields to be very large, because farmers now have the ability to look after more crops of land due to the ‘improvements’ given by pesticides and modifications. It is common in intensive farming to see a heavy use of pesticidesRead MoreHow The Vegan Diet Would Fight Against Negative Environmental Changes By Factory Farming And Dairy Industry Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pagesheart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Yes, many oppose the injustices of animal slavery. Yet, many people do not see m to realize that the most beneficial results of being plant-based are based around the environment. We are going to discuss how the vegan diet would fight against negative environmental changes created by factory farming and dairy industry. We will cover the aspects of climate change, land sustainability, and water pollution. First, we are going to discuss what a plant-based dietRead MoreThe Dangers of Factory Farming1511 Words   |  6 Pagesacross the country as well as the videos of factory farms and how their livestock are raised, along with Rachel Carson’s various books about the dangers of pesticides. Until the 1950’s, farming never used hormones to increase growth pace to achieve meatier animals. Factory farms and the mass production of animals have caused corporations to stop thinking about the quality of their foods, but the quantity and efficiency in which consumers receive it. Factory farm raised animals are produced to becomeRead MoreFactory Farming And Its Effects On The Mass Production Of Animals1670 Words   |  7 PagesFactory farming also known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) is the raising of livestock for human consumption in which vast amounts of food are produced at minimal cost. Products such as meat, milk, and eggs are all staples of this practice. It is easy to identify these farms from their distinct characteristics of confining their animals. Animals such as cows, pigs, chickens, and turkeys are confined to very small quarters and fed out while being pumped full of hormones and antibioticsRead MoreCompanies Are Treating The Animals We Will Ultimately Consume1701 Words   |  7 Pagesaverage consumer veers towards the quick and easy food options. Without prior knowledge, an individual could be consuming contaminated meat products that were produced on a factory farm. Since the 1960’s, factory farming has accounted for over 99% of the meat sold in the United States (Zacharias, 2011). The move towards large, factory farms saves meat industry millions of dollars a day. These farms pose a huge risk to public health and environmental safety. Currently, four major companies produce 85%Read MoreFactory Farming Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors are made possible because of factory farming. Factory farming is the rea son why consumers are able to purchase low-priced poultry in their local supermarket and also the reason why chickens and other animals are being seen as profit rather than living, breathing beings. So what is exactly is factory farming? According to Ben Macintyre, a writer and columnist of The Times, a British newspaper and a former chicken farm worker, he summed up the goal of any factory farm â€Å"... to produce the maximumRead MoreJust A Little Something To Digest. When It Comes To Farming,1668 Words   |  7 PagesJust a Little Something to Digest When it comes to farming, the image of an open green field and a little red barn may come to mind; however, the reality is much different. Since the industrialization of animal agriculture, the small farms we commonly think of have been consumed by large, congested factories called CAFOs, or Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. The goal of these enormous factory farms is to produce large quantities of food as fast and cheap as possible. While this may sound idealRead MoreAnimal Rights At Factory Farms1629 Words   |  7 PagesMadison Bowdish Dr. Brian Onishi PHIL 229 15 Dec 2016 Animal Rights in Factory Farms The idea that industrial farming is bad for the environment is well known, but what people do not think about is horrible practice of factory farms within industrial farming. Factory farms are inhumane and not only because the animal is being slaughtered, but because of the way the animals are treated before the are killed. A person would think that if they were to be innocently killed that they would want to beRead MoreThe Theory Of Factory Farms1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of factory farms in terms of raising, handling, and slaughtering of animals, the legal issues, the effects on health, and the impacts of factory farms on the environment is a veil of secrecy of factory farms. The rise of factory farms is no accident. It is the result of public policy created to benefit corporations and food processors that dominate the path between producers and consumers. Some of the steps to creating such a unique and intricate business was the creation of farm bills

How Sleep Is Needed For Optimum Performance - 1352 Words

May 30, 2015, marked the end of my high school career, and as I walked the graduation line, two things kept ringing in my head, â€Å"No more waking at 5:00am, and I no longer have to catch the bus at 6:17am,† which made me really happy. Imagine how many high school students across the United States feel the same after high school or during twelfth grade. Over the years, early school start times has been attributed to some of the reasons why students have been unable to perform well because they have been deprived of sleep. Sleep is an essential part of our daily lives and without it, we will be unable to function, as it is known that sleep is needed for optimum performance. It is one of the factors that determines how much effort we put into our daily activities, and it has several health benefits on our minds asides from the obvious ones known to people; moreover, one might conclude that it determines a whole lot of things pertaining to our daily lives. Despite the fact tha t we are aware of the many effects and benefits of sleep, most students in the United States are denied these benefits through early school start times, and this has several adverse effects on students academically and mentally. Schools should start later in the morning as early school start times impairs the performance of students greatly, affects students’ cognitive abilities, and denies students an adequate amount of sleep. (Finley). Even though people in favor of early school start times think thatShow MoreRelatedSleep Deprivation On College Students1488 Words   |  6 Pages Sleep Deprivation in College Students Stress Management Betty Diaz August 14, 2017 Abstract A common problem in many young adults in college is sleep deprivation. College students are some of the most sleep deprived people. Their sleep hygiene behavior is worse than adults. An adequate amount of sleep time is 7 to 8 hours each night to complete a regular sleep cycle. When college students have less sleep time, they are disturbing their sleeping cycle and their bodies respond by decreasing theirRead MoreDo Teens Need Sleep?1450 Words   |  6 Pages Teens Need Sleep â€Å"For better teen health, push the snooze button on school start times† (Ornes). There are many risks connected to starting school too early that go from health risks to far more things. Even though changing school start times may be costly schools should start later because moving back start times would increase academic performance, lessen health problems , and reduce safety risks. The average start time of schools is 8:03 A.M (Wheaton, Ferro, and Croft 810). 8:03Read MoreThe Causes of Sleep Deprivation1096 Words   |  4 PagesIn Western cultures, the biggest cause of sleep deprivation is stress mostly as a result of being sick, overworking and shift working, drugs, or examinations (Pinel, 2014). Sleep loss can lead to impairment in decision-making. Two studies have been conducted that look at twenty-four hours of sleep deprivation and focus on the effect it has on making complex decisions. Essentially, what is the effect of total sleep deprivation in decision-making? In 2009, David Schyner and his colleagues had theRead More Applying Psychological Thinking To Sports Essays1687 Words   |  7 Pagessetting goals you can achieve more, improve performance, improve the quality of you training, increase your motivation to achieve, increase your pride and satisfaction in your performance, and improve your self-confidence (Bull, 1983). Research (Bull, 1983) has shown that people who use goal-setting effectively suffer less from stress and anxiety, concentrate better, show more self-confidence, perform better, and are happier with their performance. The way in which you set your goals stronglyRead MoreManaging Time As An Adult Learner1485 Words   |  6 Pagesto keep up with school as to get good grades to ensure that they progress (William, 2003). Time management is therefore the greatest challenge for these adult learners. They often do not have enough time to attend to each and every area they are needed in. They neglect their responsibilities not because they do not want to do them but because they are not in a position due to time constrains. Friends often do not understand why they are not able to do the same things with them before joining schoolRead MoreSelf Care1408 Words   |  6 Pagesnurses, it is easy to forget about self-care. In an effort to prevent burn out, our group has integrated the practices of exercise and meditation into our daily schedules. In the following, we discuss how both mediation and exercise worked and didn’t work for us, what we learned while on this journey, and how we applied our learning to teach someone the skills and knowledge we obtained in meditation and exercise. Countless research and studies have been conducted to explore the benefits of meditationRead MoreEssay about Eating Healthy for the Body and the Mind1153 Words   |  5 Pagesare recreations of the neurons that fired during the original experience. Overall, memory is an essential asset to human life. As a child, connections in the brain are form quite rapidly because of all the early learning that is being done such as how to walk, communicate, and even tie shoes. But as age increases, the brain’s ability to make these connections slowly deteriorates and this decrease results in a lower capacity of memory. Recent research has shown there are ways to slow down, cease,Read MoreA Research Study On Owl Creek Veterinary Hospital1720 Words   |  7 Pagesin-hospital surgery suite, in-house X-ray capabilities, a closely supervised hospitalization house, and indoor boarding kennels with outside walking areas. At Owl Creek Veterinary Hospital they fight to provide sound recommendation, and together optimum veterinary care, allowing you the enjoyment of your companion for a most type of years. Their job is not exclusively to treat your pet once he or she isn t feeling well, but together to help you discover out the way to keep your supporter happy andRead MoreStrategic Sourcing at China6624 Words   |  27 Pagesclearly showing that it is far better to break up learning interventions to facilitate successful long-term learning. This paper outlines recent findings from neuroscience research about how we learn, and how to optimize the formation of memory. These findings have been summarized into a four-part model for how to make learning stick: this is Attention, Generation, Emotion and Spacing, which we are presenting here as the AGES model. So much to learn, so little time Increased organizationalRead MorePre, During And Post Competition Meals For Athletes3585 Words   |  15 PagesPre, During and Post Competition Meals for Athletes Athletes and sportspersons continuously seek for alternative ways to enhance their performance and encourage their entire human system and body to function at the highest potential. With the aim of keeping their bodies constantly healthy as well as themselves at an optimal shape for their sporting performances, they will ultimately wan to achieve two important things through their diet: a healthy nutrition and the maximum body energy. With a considerate

AIDS Medicine Free Essays

In a world where everything seems to have an equivalent price, doing some treatment to alleviate the sufferings from AIDS becomes only a dream for most victims. Because of the high costs of medical instruments and medications for the treatment of the disease, not all people are getting the most appropriate resolution for their health problems. In light of technological advancements in the field of health care, too many people are still on the verge of suffering because of the impact of commercialism to the industry lead by the capitalists’ point of view. We will write a custom essay sample on AIDS Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now The argument presented by President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa was the most significant intuition if the world population would really want to arrive at a solution for the problem induced by AIDS. No one else in the world knows better than Mbeki about the sufferings of his countrymen, not because of AIDS but because of a more dreaded situational problem-the cost of the AIDS treatment. Seriously enough, medical products for the treatment of the said disease are very steep for an ordinary person to avail. It is sometimes very ironic that with the availability of the modernized science, there are still very wide gaps which reflect the kind of living different people has. The scope of the problem about AIDS becomes very little compared to the scope of the problems induced by monopolized character of the capitalists. Giving more reasonable prices for AIDS medicines can always be maintained as long as the capitalist sectors will cooperate. Unfortunately, the world is not used to playing at its chances especially when it comes to money. People can sacrifice their ethical and moral responsibility just for the sake of saving even the tiniest penny for profit. Because of such scenario, it was a good opportunity that Mbeki greatly encouraged the international community to stand by what is considered to be of greater ethical goal-to deliver the right medical product and services at costs affordable to the general public. In his deliberations about the process, he was able to signify how each little steps of reform can arrive at a significant resolution. He was very clear on his opinion that making the medicines available at much cheaper prices will bring the worth of scientific knowledge to better perspectives. In such a case, his outlined procedures can be a very effective tool to combat the monopolistic attitude of the investing world. First, it was a very good suggestion to encourage the greater population to step up a call for a cheaper price for all medical products for AIDS. This will at least give a consensus that capitalists are no longer reliable sectors in the aspect of world economic order. Second, Mbeki’s suggestion to let government’s fund or at least subsidize the expenses for research and development is one very good approach to allocate the international capital for an appropriate cause. Thirdly, his call for international unity about setting a particular organized department is one big positive idea. This way, nations will be able to effectively monitor whatever the current market trends will be in terms of medical pricing. Moreover, each of the world states will gain access to a wide number of alternatives to acquire cheaper medicines for their respective populations. Human knowledge is a wonderful gift that should only be used for the betterment of all people concerned. But with high prices of medications for AIDS, this ethical notion may just be compromised especially if people under the poverty line would not be able to avail cheaper medicine products for the disease. How to cite AIDS Medicine, Essay examples

Profit Maximization Business

Question: Discuss about the Report for Profit Maximization Business. Answer: 1. Introduction Profit maximization is the objective of each firm. It is the difference between the revenue and costs. In order to run a business, it is important to generate higher profit to increase the operation and scale of the business. However, profit is not used to pay wage; tax or interest, it remains within the firm and invested for further improvement. Therefore, it is important to take right decision that would maximize the level of profit. In the short run, profit can be achieved by avoiding different costs, however, in the long run a firm has to make decision very carefully. By ensuring long run profit, a firm will be able to become competitive in the market. Analysis In a perfectly competitive market structure, all firms attain a constant zero profit level in the long run equilibrium. In reality, firms earn different level of profits. This is mainly because of imperfect competition. Imperfect competition takes place when firm differentiate their product. Differentiation can be made in terms of high product quality that requires innovation or advertising. Innovation is a continuous process and continuous flow of investment is required. In contrast, the advertising is a once-off expenditure. Through advertisement the firms communicate with the consumers and broader society. Advertising is able to change the importance that is attached to specific features of the good. The advertisement differentiates its product by disclosing its quality; price or special feature that is distinct from products of other firms. The distinct features differentiate the products from the competitors. This will reduce the degree of substitution. The major impact of spending in advertisement is the increase in the sales volume. Product differentiation enables the firm to increase its amount of sale, even if the product price is premium. Even if the firm has spent huge amount on advertisement, high sales volume guarantees fairly high margin of costs (Hubbard et al., 2012). This leads to high profits as quantity and price both are high. Therefore, the fixed discretionary advertisement cost of advertising will be justified and can lead to high profit in the future. Figure 1: Advertisement Cost Source: Yan et al., 2014. According to Baumol, increase in the total advertising will increase total revenue, even if there will be diminishing return (Yan et al., 2014). If the firm wants to maximize profit, it will incur advertising cost of OA1. However, if it wants to maximize its sales then it will spend higher cost of advertisement. However, sales maximization is a feature of oligopoly market structure. Monopolistically competitive firm mostly engaged in product differentiation. These firm earn abnormal profit in the short run, however, in the long run they earn normal profit. Figure 2: Supernormal Profit in Short Run Source: Mankiw, 2014 Figure 3:Normal Profit in Long Run Source: Mankiw, 2014 Product differentiation is practiced through innovation and less innovation requires more advertisement. By spending on RD activity, the firm can differentiate its product. However, RD is a risky activity and may result into higher cost than revenue collected in short run. In spite of this fact, this strategy is adopted in order to offer a different product, which will in turn improve sales of the company in the short run as well as long run (Harimaya et al., 2012). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be said that through once-off expenditure on product differentiation, may lead to maximising economic profit in the long run. However, in practical, the firms emphasize on sales maximization in the long run than profit maximization. Therefore, they focus on making their product different from others through advertising and innovation in order to compete with others in future. 2. Introduction Wage is determined by the law of demand and supply in the labour market. The wage is also paid according to the skill level of the workers. However, in most of the developed economy, the government has set minimum wage, so that wage rate does not fall under certain level (Case, Fair Oster, 2012). The wage rate is different across the occupation and across the industry. However, it has been seen in many cases that the wage is different within the occupation and industry as well. This is often remained unexplained. Analysis The wage is different because the abilities of the workers are not same in a company. a high skilled workers are paid higher wage than a low skilled worker within a company. In addition to this the demand and supply of labours are not same in every sector or across different occupation (Neumuller, 2015). There is huge demand for certain kind of jobs, i.e. supply of labour for a specific job is very high than the vacant positions. In such case, wage tends to fall to reduce the demand. Similarly, when there is vacant position but labour supply is less, the wage tends to increase, to bridge the gap between the demand and supply of labour. The vacant position and eligible labours are different across the occupation and across the industry. Hence, wage differential takes place. Figure 4: Labour Market Source: Created by Author The range of wage varies within the same occupation, because of payment according to the performance standard. In white-collar jobs, workers have high scope to improve their performance as they are engaged in multiple duties. Whereas, the blue-collar jobs offer little scope to improve their performance standard given the type of their work (Visintin et al., 2015). The wage differential also takes place within or across the same industry, because; requirement of skills and the skill levels are different. Apart from heterogeneity in performance and skill, the wage dispersion takes place due to mechanism of search and matching process between employer and workers. Wage also differs due to individual features like gender; age and often race as well. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be said that theoretically wage rate differs because of different demand and supply across different industries and different occupations. However, in reality, there are several factors that cause wage differential. Such factors are performance improvement ability; individual feature; job searching tenure and so on. These factors vary across the industries. Therefore, economists find it difficult to explain the causes of wage dispersion. References Case, K. E., Fair, R. C., Oster, S. M. (2012). Principles of economics. Prentice Hall, Harimaya, K., Ohkawa, T., Okamura, M., Shinkai, T. (2012). Sales-Maximization vs. Profit-Maximization: Managerial Behavior at Japanese Regional Banks 1980-2009 (No. 94). Hubbard, G., Garnett, A., Lewis, P. (2012). Essentials of economics. Pearson Higher Education AU. Mankiw, N. G. (2014). Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Neumuller, S. (2015). Inter-industry wage differentials revisited: Wage volatility and the option value of mobility. Journal of Monetary Economics, 76, 38-54. Visintin, S., Tijdens, K., Steinmetz, S., de Pedraza, P. (2015). Task implementation heterogeneity and wage dispersion. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 4(1), 1. Yan, R., Myers, C., Wang, J., Ghose, S. (2014). Bundling products to success: The influence of complementarity and advertising. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(1), 48-53.